Food allergies and sensitivities can produce a wide range of symptoms involving the skin, respiratory system, and nervous system. Children may have watery eyes, runny noses, and sneezing.
Skin rashes or hives can range from measles-like rashes to itchy welts. The rashes or welts can appear on a specific part of the body or can be widespread. Some children have swelling of the eyes, lips, and/or tongue.
Symptoms vary among children, even those who are sensitive to the same food. One child's specific reaction to an offending food does not mean that all children react the same. Nut allergies and shellfish, however, seem to be the most documented triggers for anaphylaxis. Nevertheless, anaphylaxis is not limited to those foods. IgE-mediated allergic reactions can progress to other allergic symptoms. For example, a child who has had hives is at risk for angioedema (swelling of the blood vessels) and anaphylaxis.
Symptoms also vary in intensity and by the amount eaten. One child may have a mild rash on the forearms when eating half a dozen strawberries. Another may be covered with a rash after eating only one. This variation is individualized and is a factor in the body's sensitivity to the target food.
Although the time between ingestion and symptoms is somewhat variable for allergic reactions (IgE-mediated), the vast majority occur within minutes. Nearly all occur within two hours. Reactions due to intolerances, like lactose, may occur somewhat later. Symptoms occurring days after a food is ingested are not likely related to the food.
When to call the doctor
Anaphylaxis is an extreme reaction to a food, usually peanuts or nuts. It causes swelling of the throat and bronchial passages, a drop in blood pressure, shock, and even death. A child with anaphylaxis should be taken to the emergency room immediately. If an emergency epinephrine pen is available, it should be administered immediately.
If a child experiences any type of allergy symptoms after eating, the child should be evaluated. Of particular concern are digestive symptoms that keep the child from eating properly or cause the child to lose weight. Equally important are neurological symptoms, especially headaches. Digestive and neurological symptoms could also be an indication of other underlying disorders. Therefore, the child should be seen by a doctor.
Diagnosis
Wednesday, December 19, 2007
PROBLEMS WITH STAYING AWAKE
Disorders of excessive sleepiness are called hypersomnias. These include:
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
Restless leg syndrome
Periodic limb movement disorder
Obstructive sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea
Idiopathic hypersomnia
Respiratory muscle weakness associated sleep disorder
Sleep apnea more commonly affects obese people, but it may affect anyone with a short neck or a small jaw, regardless of weight. The disorder causes breathing to stop intermittently during sleep, resulting in the person being awakened repeatedly. People with sleep apnea often have difficulty achieving prolonged deep sleep. This results in excessive daytime sleepiness.
Narcolepsy is a condition of daytime sleep attacks as well as other features that may include sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations (hallucinations that happen at the time between wakefullness and sleep). Sleep attacks occur despite adequat
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
Restless leg syndrome
Periodic limb movement disorder
Obstructive sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea
Idiopathic hypersomnia
Respiratory muscle weakness associated sleep disorder
Sleep apnea more commonly affects obese people, but it may affect anyone with a short neck or a small jaw, regardless of weight. The disorder causes breathing to stop intermittently during sleep, resulting in the person being awakened repeatedly. People with sleep apnea often have difficulty achieving prolonged deep sleep. This results in excessive daytime sleepiness.
Narcolepsy is a condition of daytime sleep attacks as well as other features that may include sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations (hallucinations that happen at the time between wakefullness and sleep). Sleep attacks occur despite adequat
Sleep disorders
Sleep disorders involve any difficulties related to sleeping, including difficulty falling or staying asleep, falling asleep at inappropriate times, excessive total sleep time, or abnormal behaviors associated with sleep.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
More than 100 different disorders of sleeping and waking have been identified. They can be grouped in four main categories:
Problems with falling and staying asleep
Problems with staying awake
Problems with adhering to a regular sleep schedule
Sleep-disruptive behaviors
PROBLEMS WITH FALLING AND STAYING ASLEEP
Insomnia includes any combination of difficulty with falling asleep, staying asleep, intermittent wakefulness and early-morning awakening. Episodes may be transient (come and go), short-term (lasting as long as 2 to 3 weeks), or chronic (long-lasting).
Common factors associated with insomnia include:
Physical illness
Depression
Anxiety or stress
Poor sleeping environment such as excessive noise or light
Caffeine
Alcohol or other drugs
Use of certain medications
Heavy smoking
Physical discomfort
Daytime napping
Counterproductive sleep habits:
Early bedtimes
Excessive time spent awake in bed
Disorders include:
Psychophysiological insomnia (learned insomnia)
Delayed sleep phase syndrome -- where a patient's internal clock is constantly out of synch with the "accepted" day / night phases; for example, patients feel best if they can sleep from 4AM to noon
Hypnotic-dependent sleep disorder -- insomnia resulting from building tolerance to, or stopping, certain types of sleep medications
Stimulant-dependent sleep disorder -- insomnia resulting depending on, or stopping, certain types of stimulants
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
More than 100 different disorders of sleeping and waking have been identified. They can be grouped in four main categories:
Problems with falling and staying asleep
Problems with staying awake
Problems with adhering to a regular sleep schedule
Sleep-disruptive behaviors
PROBLEMS WITH FALLING AND STAYING ASLEEP
Insomnia includes any combination of difficulty with falling asleep, staying asleep, intermittent wakefulness and early-morning awakening. Episodes may be transient (come and go), short-term (lasting as long as 2 to 3 weeks), or chronic (long-lasting).
Common factors associated with insomnia include:
Physical illness
Depression
Anxiety or stress
Poor sleeping environment such as excessive noise or light
Caffeine
Alcohol or other drugs
Use of certain medications
Heavy smoking
Physical discomfort
Daytime napping
Counterproductive sleep habits:
Early bedtimes
Excessive time spent awake in bed
Disorders include:
Psychophysiological insomnia (learned insomnia)
Delayed sleep phase syndrome -- where a patient's internal clock is constantly out of synch with the "accepted" day / night phases; for example, patients feel best if they can sleep from 4AM to noon
Hypnotic-dependent sleep disorder -- insomnia resulting from building tolerance to, or stopping, certain types of sleep medications
Stimulant-dependent sleep disorder -- insomnia resulting depending on, or stopping, certain types of stimulants
Illicit drug use by teenagers
WASHINGTON (AP) — Illicit drug use by teenagers continued to decline gradually this year, but the use of prescription painkillers remained popular among young people, according to a federally financed study released Tuesday at the White House.
The survey, by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan, looked at the behavior of 8th, 10th and 12th graders nationwide. The study, in its 33rd year, found that overall drug use was falling, because of a drop in the popularity of marijuana and methamphetamines. But it also found that the use of other drugs, including cocaine, was holding steady, and that narcotics like OxyContin and Vicodin remained in vogue.
At least one in every 20 high school seniors has at least tried OxyContin, a powerful narcotic, in the past year, according to the survey, which involved 50,000 teenagers. The popularity of the painkiller Vicodin also remained constant. The percentage of students using Vicodin was 2.7 percent, 7.2 percent and 9.6 percent in 8th, 10th and 12th grades, respectively.
“The cumulative declines since recent peak levels of drug involvement in the mid-1990s are quite substantial, especially among the youngest students,” said Lloyd Johnston, the principal investigator for the study, which was financed by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Overall, the proportion of eighth graders reporting the use of an illicit drug at least once in the 12 months before the survey was 24 percent in 1996. It has now fallen to 13 percent.
Among 10th graders, the rates dropped to 28 percent from 39 percent in 1997. Twelfth graders saw a decline from a peak of 42 percent in 1997 to 36 percent this year.
The survey, by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan, looked at the behavior of 8th, 10th and 12th graders nationwide. The study, in its 33rd year, found that overall drug use was falling, because of a drop in the popularity of marijuana and methamphetamines. But it also found that the use of other drugs, including cocaine, was holding steady, and that narcotics like OxyContin and Vicodin remained in vogue.
At least one in every 20 high school seniors has at least tried OxyContin, a powerful narcotic, in the past year, according to the survey, which involved 50,000 teenagers. The popularity of the painkiller Vicodin also remained constant. The percentage of students using Vicodin was 2.7 percent, 7.2 percent and 9.6 percent in 8th, 10th and 12th grades, respectively.
“The cumulative declines since recent peak levels of drug involvement in the mid-1990s are quite substantial, especially among the youngest students,” said Lloyd Johnston, the principal investigator for the study, which was financed by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Overall, the proportion of eighth graders reporting the use of an illicit drug at least once in the 12 months before the survey was 24 percent in 1996. It has now fallen to 13 percent.
Among 10th graders, the rates dropped to 28 percent from 39 percent in 1997. Twelfth graders saw a decline from a peak of 42 percent in 1997 to 36 percent this year.
Bangalore
Garden City
Does your heart crave to see the whole world in one shot? If it does, head straight for the pensioners paradise turned urban jungle, Bangalore! A composite culture there is a little bit of the rest of the world in Bangalore?s old world charm and new found opulence. The glass and steel monoliths, the beautiful lanes lined with Gulmohar trees, swanky malls, stores and restaurant, old bungalows and roads built by the British all co-exist here. Crowded roads and tiny lanes cramped with vehicles and animals, repair work and flyover construction, arrival of VIP?s all come together in creating the city?s infamous and inevitable traffic limbo. But Bangalore with its ?adjust maadi? attitude takes it all in its stride while settling very nicely into its niche of being a true cosmopolitan city.
At a Glance
Bangalore is atop a ridge in the Deccan Plateau. The Bangalore Urban District is divided into three taluks: Bangalore North, Bangalore South and Anekal. The Bangalore North taluk is a relatively more level plateau, while the Bangalore South taluk has an uneven landscape with hills and valleys.
When to Visit:
Bangalore is an ideal retreat from the blazing summer sun. The climate is moderate and pleasant all the year through. Summers (April-June) are relatively mild and winters (October-February) are cool. The city experiences southwestern monsoon rains from June to August. The period between October-February is thus the ideal time to tour the scenic city.
Orientation & Getting Around:
Tourist taxis are easily available from agencies, hotels and taxi stands. Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation (KSTDC) maintains a fleet of cars for hire. Contact Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation 10/4, Kasturba Road Tel: 2212901/2212902 /2212903 Travel Aids Opp. Ulsoor Lake (1 Km from M. G. Road) 'Lake Point' 38/13, Meanee Avenue 5303636, 5302222 Dial-A-Car H. O. 152/1, Anjaneya Complex Airport Road 5272622, 5261737, 5278451 Clipper Holidays Suite 406, Regency Enclave 4, Magrath Road (off Brigade Road) 5599032 Europcar Sheriff House, 85 Richmond Road 2219502, 2994008, 2225645 Comfort Travel Links 58/9, 1st Main, Temple Street Karnataka Sugar Federation Complex, Malleswaram 3343233, 3368329, 3343299, 3314293 Hertz Rent A Car 127, Silver Lake Terrace 167, Richmond Road (Near Trinity Circle) 5599408, 5594854, 5584759 A very commonly used mode of transport is the metered auto rickshaw. Do not let the auto drivers bully you into a fare more than what is displayed on the meter. The city also runs an efficient bus service, but buses are usually crowded and not on time.
Does your heart crave to see the whole world in one shot? If it does, head straight for the pensioners paradise turned urban jungle, Bangalore! A composite culture there is a little bit of the rest of the world in Bangalore?s old world charm and new found opulence. The glass and steel monoliths, the beautiful lanes lined with Gulmohar trees, swanky malls, stores and restaurant, old bungalows and roads built by the British all co-exist here. Crowded roads and tiny lanes cramped with vehicles and animals, repair work and flyover construction, arrival of VIP?s all come together in creating the city?s infamous and inevitable traffic limbo. But Bangalore with its ?adjust maadi? attitude takes it all in its stride while settling very nicely into its niche of being a true cosmopolitan city.
At a Glance
Bangalore is atop a ridge in the Deccan Plateau. The Bangalore Urban District is divided into three taluks: Bangalore North, Bangalore South and Anekal. The Bangalore North taluk is a relatively more level plateau, while the Bangalore South taluk has an uneven landscape with hills and valleys.
When to Visit:
Bangalore is an ideal retreat from the blazing summer sun. The climate is moderate and pleasant all the year through. Summers (April-June) are relatively mild and winters (October-February) are cool. The city experiences southwestern monsoon rains from June to August. The period between October-February is thus the ideal time to tour the scenic city.
Orientation & Getting Around:
Tourist taxis are easily available from agencies, hotels and taxi stands. Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation (KSTDC) maintains a fleet of cars for hire. Contact Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation 10/4, Kasturba Road Tel: 2212901/2212902 /2212903 Travel Aids Opp. Ulsoor Lake (1 Km from M. G. Road) 'Lake Point' 38/13, Meanee Avenue 5303636, 5302222 Dial-A-Car H. O. 152/1, Anjaneya Complex Airport Road 5272622, 5261737, 5278451 Clipper Holidays Suite 406, Regency Enclave 4, Magrath Road (off Brigade Road) 5599032 Europcar Sheriff House, 85 Richmond Road 2219502, 2994008, 2225645 Comfort Travel Links 58/9, 1st Main, Temple Street Karnataka Sugar Federation Complex, Malleswaram 3343233, 3368329, 3343299, 3314293 Hertz Rent A Car 127, Silver Lake Terrace 167, Richmond Road (Near Trinity Circle) 5599408, 5594854, 5584759 A very commonly used mode of transport is the metered auto rickshaw. Do not let the auto drivers bully you into a fare more than what is displayed on the meter. The city also runs an efficient bus service, but buses are usually crowded and not on time.
Agra
Think Taj Mahal! Think Agra! The monument of ever lasting love. The Taj Mahal undeniably takes center stage but there is a lot more to Agra. It is about the grandeur, the splendour and the legendary people who crafted Agra as it stands today. The relics of the bygone era when the Mughals ruled over this city. Come join us as we take you on a date with the past. With luxury hotels, shopping malls and plazas, wide avenues and a superb choice of venues for recreation, business, sports, pleasure, education and the arts , the city aptly emanates shades of modernity along with historicity. In short, it is an architect's and historian's delight
At a Glance
Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra, one of the most powerful cities in the medieval world. Agra is a part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, in the northern region of India. It is a part of the great northern plains and is situated on the west bank of river the Yamuna.
When to Visit:
Although Agra can be visited throughout the year, travelers are advised to avoid the extremely hot and rainy seasons. The best time to visit Agra is between October and March, when the sunshine is mild and the breeze is soothing. It is not only the weather that is welcoming, but several festivals coincide with this period.
Orientation & Getting Around:
There are Taxis, Tempos, Auto-rickshaws and Cycle- rickshaws to commute from one part of the city to another. Prepaid taxis and autos are available from the Railway station
At a Glance
Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra, one of the most powerful cities in the medieval world. Agra is a part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, in the northern region of India. It is a part of the great northern plains and is situated on the west bank of river the Yamuna.
When to Visit:
Although Agra can be visited throughout the year, travelers are advised to avoid the extremely hot and rainy seasons. The best time to visit Agra is between October and March, when the sunshine is mild and the breeze is soothing. It is not only the weather that is welcoming, but several festivals coincide with this period.
Orientation & Getting Around:
There are Taxis, Tempos, Auto-rickshaws and Cycle- rickshaws to commute from one part of the city to another. Prepaid taxis and autos are available from the Railway station
Ahmedabad
When to Visit:
Summers in Ahemdabad are a real scorcher. Summer starts by Mid-March and lasts upto Mid-June. Summer temperatures climb upto 47 ?C. But with summer becomes bearable with the Kesar mangoes of Junaghad which are famous in Gujarat. The Gujaratis do justice to the the fruit and mangoes in every imaginable form make the summer worthwhile. Make sure, you enjoy the traditional Aam Raas (thick mango juice) or the variety of raw mango pickle that promises to tickle your taste buds. Mid-June to mid-September are the months of monsoon followed by winter when it is enjoyable to visit Ahmedabad. The typical temperature in the city during winter is between 5 C (night) to 20 C (day).
Orientation & Getting Around:
The best way to get around is the three-wheeled auto rickshaw. Taxis are available but need to be booked in advance. Chauffer-driven SUVs can also be hired. The city is well connected by bus, but not a very comfortable way to travel. For one, bus numbers as well as routes are printed in the local language. Secondly, they are awfully crowded.
Summers in Ahemdabad are a real scorcher. Summer starts by Mid-March and lasts upto Mid-June. Summer temperatures climb upto 47 ?C. But with summer becomes bearable with the Kesar mangoes of Junaghad which are famous in Gujarat. The Gujaratis do justice to the the fruit and mangoes in every imaginable form make the summer worthwhile. Make sure, you enjoy the traditional Aam Raas (thick mango juice) or the variety of raw mango pickle that promises to tickle your taste buds. Mid-June to mid-September are the months of monsoon followed by winter when it is enjoyable to visit Ahmedabad. The typical temperature in the city during winter is between 5 C (night) to 20 C (day).
Orientation & Getting Around:
The best way to get around is the three-wheeled auto rickshaw. Taxis are available but need to be booked in advance. Chauffer-driven SUVs can also be hired. The city is well connected by bus, but not a very comfortable way to travel. For one, bus numbers as well as routes are printed in the local language. Secondly, they are awfully crowded.
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